What Is Alzheimer's?
Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that destroys a person's memory and thinking skills. It is characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive functioning and behavior abilities, and impacts one’s ability to perform daily tasks and live independently.
The Science Behind Alzheimer's
Alzheimer’s is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that manifests in many different ways in the brain. Specifically, Alzheimer's is characterized by the abnormal buildup of proteins in the brain. These proteins disrupt normal brain cell communication and function, leading to neuron damage and ultimately, cell death. Let’s explore the science behind this disease below.
Plaques And Tangles
Alzheimer patients are found to have an abnormal amount of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in their brains. The buildup of these proteins in the brain can cause cell death and disruptment in neuron communication.
Amyloid Plaques:
Amyloid protein fragments can clump together outside neurons in the brain, forming plaques. These plaques interfere with the connections between neurons, disrupting communication. Consequently, the accumulation of amyloid plaques can cause neuronal damage and disrupt normal brain function.
Tau Tangles
Tau protein is a protein that helps stabilize the internal structure of neurons. However, on some occasions the protein can become twisted and tangled within the cells. These tangles disrupt the transport of nutrients and other essential molecules within the neuron, eventually leading to cell death. The build up of tau tangles is closely associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
Causes And Risk Factors
While the exact cause of Alzheimer's disease remains unknown, researchers believe that the neurodegenerative disease is caused by a mix of genetic and environmental factors. Being aware of and addressing these risk factors is crucial to possibly prevent or delay cognitive decline.
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
Age
Age is considered to be the most significant risk factor to developing Alzheimer's disease as the risk increases as you age.
Genetics
While most cases are not directly inherited, having a family history of Alzheimer's disease increases one's risk. Additionally, the APOE4 allele is known to double or triple one's risk.
Gender
For reasons not fully understood by researchers, women are disproportionately affected by Alzheimer's disease compared to men.
Modifiable Risk Factors
Cardiovascular Health
Conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes are linked to increased Alzheimer's risk.
Social Isolation
Limited social contact and engagement has been found to possibly contribute to cognitive decline.
Diet
Poor dietary habits, including diets high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables, can potentially increase risk.
Sleep
Poor sleep quality and duration could potentially contribute to the development of Alzheimer's.
Physical Inactivity
Lack of regular exercise is associated with a higher risk of developing dementia, including Alzheimer's disease.
Depression
Depression, especially mid-life depression, is linked to a higher risk for developing Alzheimer's disease.
Head Injury
Severe head injuries have been found to potentially increase one's risk for developing Alzheimer's.
Smoking
Smoking is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's, and quitting can reduce the risk, even for long-term smokers.